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Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse (Lakota: ' in Standard Lakota Orthography,〔Lakota Language Consortium (2008). ''New Lakota Dictionary''〕 IPA:), literally "His-Horse-Is-Crazy";〔Bright, William (2004). ''Native American Place Names in the United States''. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 125〕 c. 1840 – September 5, 1877) was a Native American war leader of the Oglala Lakota. He took up arms against the United States Federal government to fight against encroachments on the territories and way of life of the Lakota people, including leading a war party to victory at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876.
Four months after surrendering to U.S. troops under General Crook in May 1877, Crazy Horse was fatally wounded by a military guard, using his bayonet, while allegedly resisting imprisonment at Camp Robinson in present-day Nebraska. He ranks among the most notable and iconic of Native American tribal members and was honored by the U.S. Postal Service in 1982 with a 13¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.
==Early life==
Sources differ on the precise year of Crazy Horse's birth, but they agree he was born between 1840 and 1845. According to a close friend, he and Crazy Horse "were both born in the same year at the same season of the year", which census records and other interviews place at about 1845.〔He Dog interview, July 7, 1930, in: Eleanor H. Hinman (ed.), "Oglala Sources on the Life of Crazy Horse", ''Nebraska History'' 57 (Spring 1976) p. 9.〕 Encouraging Bear, an Oglala medicine man and spiritual adviser to the Oglala war leader, reported that Crazy Horse was born "in the year in which the band to which he belonged, the Oglala, stole One Hundred Horses, and in the fall of the year", a reference to the annual Lakota calendar or winter count.〔Chips Interview, February 14, 1907, in: Richard E. Jensen (ed.), ''The Indian Interviews of Eli S. Ricker, 1903–1919'' (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005) p. 273.〕 Among the Oglala winter counts, the stealing of 100 horses is noted by Cloud Shield, and possibly by American Horse and Red Horse owner, as equivalent to the year 1840–41.〔Cloud Shield count, in: Garrick Mallery, ''Pictographs of the North American Indians'', 4th Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1886) p. 140. Richard G. Hardorff, "Stole-One-Hundred-Horses Winter: The Year the Oglala Crazy Horse was Born", ''Research Review'', vol. 1 no. 1 (June 1987) pp. 44–47.〕 Oral history accounts from relatives on the Cheyenne River Reservation place his birth in the spring of 1840.〔''The Authorized Biography of Crazy Horse and His Family Part One: Creation, Spirituality, and the Family Tree'', DVD William Matson and Mark Frethem, Producers.(Reelcontact.com Productions, 2006).〕 On the evening of his son's death, the elder Crazy Horse told Lieutenant H. R. Lemly that his son "would soon have been thirty-seven, having been born on the South Cheyenne river in the fall of 1840".〔Lemly, "The Death of Crazy Horse", ''New York Sun'', September 14, 1877.〕
Crazy Horse was named at birth ''Cha-O-Ha'' ("In the Wilderness" or "Among the Trees", meaning he was one with nature.) His mother's nickname for him was "Curly" or "Light Hair"; as his light curly hair resembled that of his mother.〔
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